Unitary Modules

Modules, Unitary

Unitary

Let M be a module containing a and b, such that b = xa for some x in R.  In other words, b is in the image rm.  Write 1*b = 1*(xa) = xa = b.  Therefore b is in the image rm iff 1*b = b.  (This assumes R contains 1, but all rings on this website contain 1 unless stated otherwise.)

When 1*b = b for all b in M, the module M is a unitary module.  This happens iff the image rm is all of M.

Any module M can be written as the direct product of modules U cross V, where U is unitary.  Let U be the image 1*M, which is a unitary module.  Let V be the subset of M satisfying 1*V = 0.  Verify that both U and V are submodules.  Their only intersection is 0.

For any x in M, let y = x-1*x, so that 1*y = 0, and y is in V.  Thus x = 1*x+y, the sum of two elements taken from U and V.

Suppose x has multiple representations.  Subtract the two representations and multiply by 1.  This shows their U components must agree.  Subtract these away, and their V components must agree.  The decomposition of x is unique, and M = U cross V.

Verify that elements of M are added and scaled in concert with their components in U and V.  Therefore M is the direct product of U and V, as modules.