PID Modules, Finitely Generated and Torsion Free is Free

Finitely Generated and Torsion Free is Free

Let R be a pid and let M be a torsion free R module.  Furthermore, let M be finitely generated, with generators g1 g2 g3 etc.

Start with g1.  Since M is torsion free, nothing kills g1, hence g1 spans a free submodule of M.

Bring in the subsequent generators, g2 g3 etc, one by one, as long as the resulting submodule remains free.  Let S be the largest free submodule in this ascending chain.  The next generator produces a larger submodule that is not free.  Call this troublesome generator g, and let J be the submodule spanned by S and g.

By assumption, g and S are linearly dependent.  Find a nontrivial linear combination that equals 0.  For some x in R, xg lies in S.  Since g is outside of S, x is not 1.

Multiplication by x implements a module homomorphism on M.  Restrict this homomorphism to the submodule J.  The image lies in S.  The image is a submodule of a free module, and is free.  Because M is torsion free, the kernel of this homomorphism is 0.  In other words, J is isomorphic to its image, which is free, hence J is free after all.  Therefore all the generators can be folded in, and M is free.

Remember that the rank of M is no larger than the number of generators.

Note, Q is an infinitely generated torsion free Z module that is not free.